IGITABO INKUNDURA

UMWINJIRO

 Ibivugwa muri iki gitabo

U Rwanda rwitwaga u Busuwisi bw’Afurika, igihugu cy’imisozi igihumbi, Papa Yohani Pawulo wa kabiri yongeraho ko ari igihugu cy’ibibazo igihumbi. Nyuma y’ibyumweru bitatu gusa uwo mupapa wabaye igihangange asoje urugendo rwe rwamaze iminsi itatu (7-9 Nzeri 1990), Inkotanyi ziyobowe na Jenerali Majoro Fred Rwigema zaturutse iBugande zifata umupaka wa Kagitumba, ahasigaye zitangira gushinga ibirindiro mu karere k’umutara, hafi ya pariki y’Akagera. Hari tariki ya 1 ukwakira 1990. Ubwo hatangiye imirwano yamaze ukwezi kose, ihagarikwa n’uko ingabo z’u Rwanda zongeye kwigarurira Kagitumba. Abantu bibeshye ko ubwo intambara irangiye, nyamara ni ho yari ikijya gukomera. Inkotanyi zari zabonye umuyobozi mushya, Majoro Pawulo Kagame, wari uje gusimbura Fred Rwigema wapfuye mu bambere kandi ari we washoje intambara.

Iki gitabo kiravuga amateka y’iyo ntambara yabereyemo amarorerwa akomeye, arimo itsembabwoko n’itsembatsemba, ikaba yarakuyeho ubutegetsi bwashyizweho na kudeta ya gisirikare yo ku wa 5 nyakanga 1973 ibusimbuza ubundi bwa gisirikare buyobowe na Jenerali Majoro Pawulo Kagame. Uretse imirwano yabaye mu byiciro byinshi, intambara yagize ingaruka nyinshi mu gihugu, ihindura byinshi ku ruhande rwa poritiki no mu mibanire y’abaturage. Amashyaka menshi yarongeye aremerwa, itangazamakuru ririsanzura, ariko ubwo bwisanzure bamwe barabwitwaza kugirango bateranye amoko yari asanzwe abana neza. Ubwo ku ntambara y’amasasu yaberaga muri Byumba na Ruhengeri , hafi y’umupaka w’uBugande, hiyongereyeho imvururu zashozwaga n’abambari b’ubutegetsi batari biteguye kwemera poritiki y’amashyaka ariko n’abanyamashyaka hari aho bashoje izo mvururu mu byo bise kubohoza. Inkotanyi na zo zacaga inyuma zigatega ibisasu mu turere twari kure y’imirwano, ibyo bikarushaho gutera urwikekwe no gushoza imvururu mu baturage.
Haje kuba imishyikirano hagati y’intumwa za leta y’u Rwanda n’iza FPR Inkotanyi, iyo mishyikirano imara umwaka wose ibera Arusha muri Tanzaniya. Amasezerano y’amahoro yashyizweho umukono tariki ya 4 kanama 1993.

Ayo masezerano yateganyaga kuvanga ingabo z’impande zombi zarwanaga, zikaremwamo umutwe umwe w’ingabo z’igihugu. Yateganyaga n’ibyagombaga gukorwa mu rwego rwo gucyura impunzi ndetse n’abakuwe mu byabo n’intambara bari mu nkambi imbere mu gihugu. Ibyo byagombaga gushyirwa mu bikorwa n’inzego z’ubutegetsi zihuriweho n’impande zombi mu rwego rw’icyo bise igabana ry’ubutegetsi. Ubwo butegetsi buhuriweho n’impande zombi bwari bufite n’inshingano yo gutegura itegekonshinga rishya, bukageza igihugu ku matora adafifitse yagombaga gusoza inzibacyuho y’amezi 22.

Nyuma y’amezi umunani inzego z’ubutegetsi zateganywaga n’ayo masezerano zitarabasha kujyaho kubera ibibazo bya poritiki byariho, indege yari twaye Perezida Yuvenari Habyarimana w’u Rwanda na Sipiriyani Ntaryamira w’uBurundi yarahanuwe , abayirimo bose barapfa. Urwo rugomo rwabaye tariki ya 6 mata 1994 rwashyize igihugu mu kaga gakomeye, ibyari icyizere cy’amahoro bihinduka induru n’imiborogo, igihugu kiba imivu y’amaraso. Itsembabwoko n’itsembatsemba bikwira uRwanda rwose, bikozwe n’interahamwe za MRND hamwe n’abandi baturage babishowemo ahanini ku ngufu kandi biyobowe n’ubutegetsi bwariho. Ku rundi ruhande, inkotanyi na zo zarimo kurwana inkundura zigamije kugenzura uturere twose tw’igihugu ari nako zagendaga zigota umujyi wa Kigali mbere yo kuwufata tariki ya 4 nyakanga 1994. Utwo turere twose zanyuzemo ni ko zakoragamo ubwicanyi bukomeye ku baturage batashoboye guhunga, urwo rugomo rukaba rwarakomeje nyuma y’uko zishyiraho ubutegetsi ku ya 19 nyakanga.

Iki gitabo kirerekana ibimenyetso byinshi by’ukuntu ubwicanyi bwateguwe n’uko bwakozwe, ibyo bikaba bivuguruza abahamya ko amahano yabaye ari umujinya abaturage batewe n’iyicwa ry’uwari umukuru w’igihugu. Kiravuguruza ibyo FPR yakwije hose ivuga ko yahagaritse jenoside, kikerekana ko icyo yarwaniraga ari ubutegetsi bwonyine, ikaba itari ifitiye impuhwe abatutsi bari imbere mu gihugu. Ni na yo mpamvu ishobora kuba ari yo yahanuye indege ya Habyarimana kandi byarabonekaga ko igikorwa nk’icyo cyagombaga kubagiraho ingaruka ziremeye. Muri urwo rwego, FPR yanarwanije ko amahanga yatabara akaza guhagarika jenoside ndetse yanga no gushyikirana na guverinoma yari iyoboye ubwicanyi kandi na byo wenda hari icyo byajyaga kuramira.

Hakoreshejwe amaraporo yizewe, nk’iya René Degni Ségui woherejwe na komisiyo ya LONI yita ku burenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu, n’ubuhamya bunyuranye, burimo ubwa liyetona Abdul Ruzibiza, iki gitabo cyerekana uburyo FPR yakomeje poritiki y’ubwicanyi mu gihe yabaga itsindagira muri disikuru zayo ubushake bwo kunga abanyarwanda. Guverinoma ya mbere FPR yashyizeho yari iyobowe na Fawusitini Twagiramungu yerekanywe nk’ikimenyetso cyo gushyira mu bikorwa amasezerano ya Arusha kuko yari ihuriweho n’amashyaka yateganywaga muri ayo masezerano , uretse MRND kubera uruhare rwayo mu bwicanyi bwabaye, ariko mu by’ukuri FPR nta bushake yari ifite bwo gutegura inzira ya demokarasi nk’uko ayo masezerano ari cyo yari agamije. Turabagezaho uburyo iyo guverinoma ya mbere yananijwe kugeza ubwo ivuyeho nyuma y’umwaka umwe gusa, naho ishyaka MDR ryabonekaga nk’irishobora kurusha amajwi FPR haramutse habaye amatora nyayo ryatangiye gutotezwa kugeza ubwo risenywe mbere y’isozwa ry’inzibacyuho. Guhera icyo gihe amashyaka yemerewe gukora yabaga nta bwigenge busesuye afite, agomba gukorera mu kwaha kwa FPR.

Mu nzira ndende yo kubaka igitugu cy’umutamenwa habaye byinshi, harimo gahunda zo gucyura impunzi ku ngufu zateye ubwicanyi bukomeye mu nkambi ya Kibeho n’izo muri Kongo. Impunzi nyinshi zahizwe bukware kandi zicirwa mu mashyamba ya Kongo zihunga mu gihe ingabo za leta y’uRwanda zari mu ntambara yo gukuraho ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Mobutu. Raporo ikomeye ya LONI yatangajwe nyuma y’imyaka 13 ubwo bwicanyi bubaye yerekana uruhare rukomeye izo ngabo zabigizemo. Mu mwaka w’2000, Jenerali Majoro Pawulo Kagame wabaye Visi Perezida na Ministiri w’Ingabo ubwo FPR yari imaze gutsinda intambara y’amasasu yaje gusimbura Pasiteri Bizimungu ku mwanya wa Perezida wa Repuburika nyuma y’imitego ya poritiki yafashe isura ry’ihangana hagati y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko na guverinoma. Ibyo byatumye Yozefu Sebarenzi wari Perezida w’iyo Nteko na Selesitini Rwigema begura, baranahunga, naho Pasiteri Bizimungu we yarafunzwe amaze kugaragaza imigambi yo gushinga ishyaka rya poritiki. Amatora yo muri nzeri 2003 yimitse Pawulo Kagame yari nk’ikinamico ryo gusoza inzibacyuho. Intambara ya FPR yakuyeho igitugu cya Perezida Habyarimana ishyiraho ikindi cya Pawulo Kagame. Mu ntangiriro igitabo cyerekana uko igihugu cyari gihagaze mbere y’intambara kigasozwa cyerekana uko gihagaze kuva inzibacyuho irangiye. Ese ibibazo byateje intambara byarakemuwe ? Icyo kibazo kirasubizwa ku buryo burambuye.

 Igishya muri iki gitabo n’impamvu cyanditswe

Bubaye ubwa mbere handikwa mu rurimi rw’ikinyarwanda igitabo kivuga amateka y’intambara yahekuye imiryango myinshi y’abanyarwanda kugeza ubwo imwe muri iyo miryango izimira. Hari ibindi bitabo byinshi byanditswe mu ndimi z’amahanga ariko ntacyo byunguye abaturage benshi batazi izo ndimi kandi bafite amatsiko yo kumenya ukuri ku byerekeye impamvu z’iyo ntambara, uburyo yagenze n’icyateye amahano yabaye mu mwaka w’1994 ndetse n’ibindi byose byakurikiye. Aha ni ngombwa kuvuga ko ubutegetsi bukoresheje Radiyo Rwanda, ibinyamakuru n’ubundi buryo bwo gushyikirana n’abaturage budahwema gusobanura iby’iyo ntambara uko bushaka hagamijwe kwerekana ko ababushyizeho ari bo bafite ukuri no guhisha amakosa baba barakoze.

Birumvikana ko icyo ari ikibazo gikomeye kuko imyumvire y’ibibazo by’igihugu n’inkomoko zabyo igira ingaruka ku myitwarire y’abaturage no ku mibanire yabo. Twatanga urugero ku manza z’inkiko gacaca zabaye, abaturage bakaba baragiye bafatira ibihano bagenzi babo bashingiye ku myumvire idahagije y’ibyabaye kuko amakuru babwiwe ari make kandi akaba abogamiye ku ruhande rwatsinze. Biraruhije kugirango abaturage bumve ko abaturanyi babo bagizwe ibikoresho bakishora mu bintu batari bazi aho biva n’aho bigana. Iyo ni impamvu ikomeye yatumye iki gitabo nabanje kwandika mu rurimi rw’igifaransa mpindura nkacyandika mu kinyarwanda. Nabonaga abasoma indimi z’amahanga barabonye uburyo buhagije bwo kumenya iby’ingenzi byabaye n’ubwo bitabuza abantu kongera ibyo bazi ku bumenyi bwari busanzweho. Amakuba nk’ariya yabaye mu Rwanda nta gihe umuntu yavuga ko ibyayo byose byarangije kumenyekana.

Intambara yatangiye ndi umunyamakuru, ngira amahirwe yo kuyikurikirana mu byiciro byayo byose kugeza irangiye. Bagenzi banjye benshi twajyanaga mu mishyikirano ya Arusha n’abo twahuriraga hirya no hino mu misozi dutara amakuru y’imvururu n’izindi ngaruka z’iyo ntambara barapfuye, bazize ibitekerezo babaga baragize ubutwari bwo kugaragaza cyangwa bazize iby’abandi baturage bagiye bazira. Nagize amahirwe yo kurokoka ubwo bwicanyi, imyaka ikaba ishize ari 17 nkurikirana k’abandi banyarwanda ibyakurikiyeho, bimwe muri byo akaba ari byo bisobanura amabanga abantu batashoboraga kumenya igihe amahano yakorwaga. Byari biruhije kumva impamvu Prezida Habyarimana yapfuye Ministiri w’Intebe, Agata Uwilingiyimana, wari urinzwe n’ingabo za Minuar akicwa, kimwe n’abandi banyaporitiki bari barinzwe n’abajandarume. Ibisobanuro byatanzwe by’uko abaturage barakaye bakica abaturanyi babo b’abatusi ababyemera ni bake ariko bishobora kugeraho bigafatwa nk’ukuri hadatanzwe ibimenyetso byerekana uburyo leta cyangwa abanyaporitiki batanze amabwiriza yatumye ubwicanyi bukorwa.

Iyo ntambwe yo kumenya uko jenoside yakozwe twayigezeho tubifashijwe n’ibitabo byagiye byandikwa, cyane cyane igitabo cy’umushakashatsi witwa André Guichaoua wabaye impuguke mu manza za Arusha, akaba yarakusanyije inyandikomvugo z’amaperereza yakozwe ku bantu bashinjwa kuba baragize uruhare mu bwicanyi. Ni muri ubwo buryo twamenye uko Sindikubwabo Tewodori yasimbuye Habyarimana. Abaturage babwiwe ko byabaye nk’aho ari nta kundi byagombaga kugenda kuko itegekonshinga ryo muri kamena 1991 ryateganyaga ko Perezida wa CND ari we usimbura Perezida wa mu gihe apfuye cyangwa akagira izindi mpamvu zituma ataboneka. Nyamara icyo rubanda itamenyeshejwe nuko iryo tegekonshinga ryari ryarasimbuwe n’amasezerano ya Arusha mu ngingo nyinshi, bityo Perezida Habyarimana akaba yaragombaga gusimburwa n’umukandida watanzwe n’ishyaka rya MRND. Icyo kibazo cyarizwe mu ijoro Habyarimana apfa, haba ibibazo byo gutoranya uwo mukandida kuko Matayo Ngirumpatse na Yozefu Nzirorera bashakaga uwo mwanya. Karemera Eduwari ngo ni we wabakiranuye atanga inama yo gushyiraho Sindikubwabo bashingiye kuri rya tegekonshinga. Ibyo byerekana nibura ko abantu bakoze inama. Ikindi Guichaoua atangaza gikomeye ni ijambo Karamira Foroduwaridi yongoreye Yohani Kambanda agiye kumushaka hamwe na koloneli Bagosora kugirango bamugire Ministiri w’Intebe. Yaramubwiye ati : « Ikibazo cya Agata Uwilingiyimana twagitunganije kugirango dushobore gushyiraho guverinoma ». Iki ni ikindi kimenyetso gikomeye cy’uko abanyaporitiki bakomeye babyumvikanyeho mbere yo kwica Ministiri w’Intebe wahatanaga ashaka uburyo bwo kujya kuvuga ijambo kuri Radiyo Rwanda ryo kugarura umutuzo mu gihugu.

Mu kindi gitabo cyitwa « Aucun témoin ne doit survivre » cyanditswe n’imiryango ibiri irengera ikiremwamuntu harimo amabarwa y’abategetsi bo hejuru batangaga amabwiriza mu nzego zo hasi yo gukangurira abaturage guhiga umwanzi aho yari aherereye. Ababurugumestiri bamwe banze kwitabira ayo mabwiriza, nk’uwa komini Mugina, muri perefegitura ya Gitarama, n’uwa Nyabisindu muri perefegitura ya Butare, barishwe. Ibyo byose ni ibimenyetso byerekana ko atari uburakari bw’abaturage bwateye jenoside. Ibyo kubisobanurira abaturage mu rurimi bumva nabonye ari ikintu cyabafasha kuko nanjye ubwanjye byaramfashije.

Nyuma ya jenoside nabaye Ministiri w’itangazamakuru. Icyo gihe cyri gikomeye cyane ku buryo ibibazo twagize muri guverinoma ubwabyo byari bikwiye igitabo. Abantu ntabwo basobanukiwe ukuntu nyuma y’amezi make guverinoma igiyeho Twagiramungu washinjwaga gushyigikira cyane FPR yatangiye gushwana na Kagame bikanyura no kuri Radiyo Rwanda. Ntabwo basobanukiwe ukuntu umuministiri w’umunyabwenge nka Seti Sendashonga wari no muri FPR yashwanye na yo akagomba kwegura nyuma y’umwaka umwe, hanyuma ikamusanga iNayirobi ikahamwicira. Ibyo bintu kuba narabikurikiranye nkaba mfite amahirwe yo kuba ngihumeka numva ari impamvu ikomeye yo kubibwira abanyarwanda. Hari byinshi numva nshobora gusobanukirwa vuba kuko nicaranye na bamwe mu bayobora igihugu kuva ku nsinzi yo muri 94, iyo ikaba impamvu ituma natinyuka gutanga ibitekerezo ku mpamvu igihugu cyahuye n’ingorane izi n’izi.
Izo ni zo mpamvu zatumye nandika iki gitabo, nkaba nibwira ko ari umusanzu ku bumenyi bw’amateka y’iriya ntambara.

Kwisegura ku basomyi

Intego yo kwandika amateka y’intambara ntabwo ari ikintu cyoroshye. Hari ibyo nibwira ko nzi neza nkurikije ubumenyi buriho muri iki gihe ariko ubushakashatsi bukaba buzerekana ibindi. Nshobora no kwibeshya bamwe mu basomyi bakazahita babona ko bimwe mu bintu bazi neza, wenda baranabihagazeho, byanditswe mu buryo bunyuranye n’ukuri. Mpise mbiseguraho rugikubita, nsaba ko abazabishobora bazakora ku buryo ayo makosa amenyekana, icyangombwa nuko ukuri gushyirwa imbere, kandi amateka ntiyandikwa rimwe gusa. Ndagirango nisegure no ku bazasanga ibintu bimwe bikomeye bifuzaga kumenya ntarabivuze bihagije cyangwa ntaranabivuzeho. Muri iki gitabo nta mwanya uhagije twahaye imanza zikomeye zirimo kubera Arusha. Twahisemo kwibanda ku byashoboraga gutuma abantu basobanukirwa n’ibyabaye cyangwa ibirimo kuba muri iki gihe. Twashoboraga no kuvuga ku buryo burambuye kurushaho intambara y’abacengezi yahitanye abaturage benshi ariko mu by’ukuri amakuru yayo yamenyekanye ku buryo bwizewe ni make. Birasaba ko abazi uko yagenze bazayandikaho ku buryo bw’umwihariko. Twiseguye kandi ku basomyi bazasanga ibivugwa muri iki gitabo bitabavuga neza cyangwa byibutsa ibikorwa bimwe bifuzaga ko byibagirana. Kwandika amateka y’intambara n’urugomo byabaye mu gihugu byasabaga guca muri izo nzira.